:
TheEditor: On this page let's try to work our way towards
defining who OurAudience is and the relationship we want to strike with OurAudience. A starting point might be to consider the various what we think about an audience - which differs with the disciplines and the medium. There are other ways of proceeding. Jump in.
Wiki audiences aren't like other audiences. If they don't like what's on the screen, they can change it. So too, the relationship between the wiki readers and wiki writers is different than it is in other media. On a wiki, it becomes clear that author and audience are roles people play, and interchangable ones at that.
As a literary audience, readers are entering into an agreement to buy into whatever it is that the writer has to say. The reader agreeing to "suspend their disbelief" for a certain period of time. But the relationship is tenouous. Writers can't guarantee their audience will stick around, or pay any attention to what they have to say. The writer wants to engage the reader and keep them reading. But the writer can become anxious or worried the reader isn't following him or buying into what he has to say. The writer decides to address them directly, attempting to make direct contact. The writer feels this "reaching out to the reader directly" approach puts a face on the author or gives them a personableness that wasn't there before when they were merely talking "at" the audience. They feel they can draw the reader back into the story.
SueanneDolentz
Writing textbooks have responded with stylistic techniques for gaining and maintaining the reader's attention. They emphasize using active verbs and concrete details; adding color; getting personal; etc. - not to clarify meaning, not to develop the idea futher, not to develop an insight, but to keep the reader reading. Boredom is the enemy, so keep the reader entertained. One response to this idea comes from Tufte. Discussing
PowerPoint presentations, he writes,
'Audience boredom is usually a content failure, not a decoration failure.'
: Presentations largely stand or fall on the quality, relevance, and integrity of the content. If your numbers are boring, then you've got the wrong numbers. If your words or images are not on point, making them dance in color won't make them relevant. Audience boredom is usually a content failure, not a decoration failure. [
http://wired.com/wired/archive/11.09/ppt2_pr.html PowerPoint is Evil]
(And the web has its own way of dealing with audiences--pop up internet ads. Bam: in your face. But there's a cost. A distinct written voice is scarcely discernable in such ads. The closer the audience is to the writer, speaker, performer, etc., the more control may be exercised over them. -
BerneChristiansen and
M C Morgan and
LindsayLarson and
SueanneDolentz and
AaronReini and... )
There are other ways of thinking about writing and reading.
Audience and style: consultative, formal, cooperative
Wiki audiences are distinct from school audiences in the way information is transmitted from the person(s) encoding the information to the person(s) decoding, interpreting, and creating meaning from that information, in that a wiki audience is not strictly an audience. The usual interpretation of an audience (especially print audience) is that of the listener or reader -- the one who only receives information.
'Consultative Style'
In the school setting were dealing with a style of communication most often referred to as consultative, as described by Martin Joos in The Five Clocks:
: "The speaker has to supply background information about a topic, and does not presume to be understood without it. The addressee participates continuously by giving feedback like "oh", "uh-huh", "I see" and "yes". If the speaker gives too much information, the feedback like "I know" stops it, or if there isn't enough, the addressee's feedback will tell that too. So there is constant adjusting" [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/DeafStudiesTeaching/bslsoc/Sessions/s3.htm 1) Consultative Register].
'Formal Style'
Or we are dealing with formal style (The Formal Register):
: "This differs from the consultative style because there is no feedback. The style is designed to inform (consultative does some informing, casual may happen to do so and intimate doesn't do much at all). There is no participation, even the speaker seems to back off and become impersonal. Pronunciation is clear, and grammar is full and explicit (no ellipsis), and background information is clearly given. Because of this, it needs forward planning. Any participation that there might be comes after a long section of uninterrupted discourse" [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/DeafStudiesTeaching/bslsoc/Sessions/s3.htm 4) Formal Register].
There is a shift from the consultative (seminar) and formal (lecture) style of classroom management when dealing with what Berne is to be alluding to, new rhetorical theory in the classroom. From the standpoint of the new rhetoric, the teacher is supposed to be a sort of backseat driver, using facilitative heuristics to keep student discourse progressive with respect to the maturity of student attitudes and the maturity of their texts a tactic which can be quite possibly be a valid strategy when dealing with a wiki community -- a wiki audience -- at least in ThreadMode, where there is less lecturing and more cooperative composition.
'Casual Style'
It is an obvious, purposeful switching of traditional roles, because by taking the "back seat driver" role, the teacher more closely resembles an audience than the students do (if an "audience" still exists at all in such a setting).
This "cooperative" style feels very much like the "casual register" that Joos talks about:
: This is for friends and acquaintances and insiders. It is used deliberately to get someone to feel part of a group. If you use formal style, the person feels an outsider. It is characterised by two features of "ellipsis" and "slang"...Slang uses terms that are well known at the time, but are not likely to last long before they drop out of use. If you use slang (defined this way) you pay the person the compliment of expecting them to know what you mean, so you imply that they are an insider in your group...Like slang, ellipsis does the addressee the honour of allowing them to fill in the gaps [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/DeafStudiesTeaching/bslsoc/Sessions/s3.htm 2) Casual Register].
We're looking at insider language (slang) when talking about anything related to the design and organization of the wiki, even the style. We're looking at a new form of the ellipsis, the OpenEndedEllipsis, (WikiWords) defined by our community so there is no ambiguity about definitions (to a point) when a new member joins the wiki community -- participation is when we cross (or blur) the line between audience and contributor. A significant characteristic of the wiki is editability allows an audience to dabble in the discourse, enticing them to become more than a casual observer -- to become a casual (or not so casual) participant, a member of the community.
But blurring the line between audience and contributor is necessary in a wiki community. In order to entice someone into writing and adding to the wiki, the wiki writers must focus on their audience to ensure that they stay around long enough to get involved in the writing process. Because if wiki writers can't entice the readers to become writers, the wiki may just die off at some point. There's a need for fresh blood in wiki writing. SueanneDolentz
-JonathanHatch and LindsayLarson
audience, reader, and readers
Audience is a collective noun borrowed from face-to-face encounters, while the term "reader" implies a print relationship. What term is appropriate for the wiki? Reader, in part. But contributer, too, maybe?
We don't want every reader to contribute. There are downfalls to allowing people to PostAnonymously.
-BerneChristiansen
How about collaborator?
AngelBatterman
: TheEditor: What does "borrowed from face-to-face encounters" mean?
It's suggested by Ong, in "The Writer's Audience is Always a Fiction." [http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/bb/comp6.html] I can't find an online version. But here's an essay that makes use of Ong's ideas and may apply to what we're doing: [http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/7.3/coverweb/busker/bha.html Virtual Kairos: Audience in Virtual Spaces].
The Silent Audience
moved to ParticipatoryJournalism
The Creative, Participatory Audience
: TheEditor: I'm liking where this heading seems to be going. Bringing in McLuhan seems to help us formulate the idea of a wiki audience.
McLuhan spoke of the mass audience of electronic media as a successor to the prior notion of ThePublic, and it is a "creative, participating force."
He said: "Environments are not passive wrappings, but are, rather, active processes which are invisible...Print technology created the public. Electric technology created the mass."
There can be two kinds of audiences on a wiki, or two roles for audiences to play: participate by reading, and participate by reading and writing the wiki.
In The Medium Is The Massage, McLuhan talked about electronic media producing a widened "family circle." As in, the information provided by electronic media goes far beyond mom and dad; essentially, AudienceAsFamily.
And also: "The medium is the m[a]ssage because it creates the audience most suited to it."
Note McLuhan's pun: "Mass-age." And of course, wikis and blogs alike are meant to be available to the masses.
' Hot and Cool '
McLuhan also wrote extensively about "hot" and "cool" media. A medium that is hot requires active participation from the audience, such as reading a book or newspaper. A cool medium could be enjoyed passively, like simply having the television on as background noise.
Television was the emerging, dominant medium during McLuhans time, and therefore attracted much of his attention. He claimed television and other cool electronic media not only revolutionized communications but were transforming the very manner in which the human mind operates. He didn't think it was a good thing.
The Internet is the emerging medium. Unlike television, the Internet (wikis in particular) is primarily a hot medium -- users actively participate on and with the Web. This halts the trend from McLuhans time of electronic media as cool media.
Wikis are the epitome of hot media. Not only must you actively read the wiki to gain anything from it, but you are afforded the opportunity to alter it with your own message. McLuhan would have been in favor of such unabashed audience participation.
Wikis and Blogs are the hottest thing going, and everybody is jumping on the bandwagon. McLuhan theorized forms of media that get too hot tend to reverse on themselves. Is there any danger of that happening here?
When we talk about "hot" media, we mean it that gets hot over time, before becoming too hot and reversing on itself. If the sign of a HotWiki is the fear of people meddling with your writing, couldn't it be said that wikis are the reverse, that they start hot and cool down over time? Most of us were freaked when we first started on the wiki, but we are able to do this assignment without revolting proves that things are cooling down. Do you get where I'm going here?
A wiki growing too "hot" might means the participation hits an extreme, which could include the ever-present: "What if someone came in and deleted everything?" -- which could encompass not so much the fear of that happening, but it actually happening. The participation could hit an uncontrollable, damaging extreme that could turn on the wiki and (maybe?) destroy it. A wiki turning "cool" would mean a lack of "audience participation," which is basically impossible in a functioning wiki. For a wiki to reach the point where hotness grew too hot and turned to coolness, it would have to forsake the WikiWay of engagement and active participation. -AaronReini, LindsayLarson and BerneChristiansen
' Meatball Wiki looks at audiences as participatory: '
: What's new about TheAudience on the digital network is that people can respond--they can reply back to you, modify your text in collaboration, or steal your ideas and build on them; this either invades your sense of identity or reinforces the experience of WebExhibitionism inherent in radically publicizing your life. It makes your LifeInText? a negotiation with your readers, TheAudience; this is the opposite expectation of many. http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?TheAudience
: Contrast the SilentPublic? of traditional media.
[See also ParticipatoryJournalism]
See Also: TheBlogAudience and WhyRead
World Audience
To worm our way away from blogs and wikis in particular, we need to look at audience in the entire Web-sphere. In the book Developing Online Content, the principles of writing and editing for the Web develop ideas of how to create a site to better fit audiences. (Everyone should read it if they want to make a Website.)
They developed three main categorized user pet peeves in Websites; they saw it mainly in the content, navigation and design. The complaints varied from poorly labeled links to non-relevant content and too many fonts and colors. Examples of these complaints could be found in any Website created in a high school computer class (because high school "Web designers" often emphasize aesthetics over content and overall presentation).
: When making a site everything veers towards jazzy graphics such as pop-ups and animations, and techno props such as links, video and audio-clips, and metatags for search engines.
But do all of these things make the users stay and also return to the site? Novice Web designers emphasize these "extras," thinking flashy is better -- that it'll grab attention. And it may, but does it keep it? Web readers are "drive-through" readers no matter what we do or don't do to our sites. And even if a site sports fancy-schmancy graphics and music, if the drive-through reader can't find what she wants in a very short amount of time, she's out of there. (That's why good Web Designers focus on the intended audience of their site, what they're trying to portray/present to the audience, and how to best accomplish it. If we are good Web designers, it's all about OurAudience.)
So, can the same be said about designers of wikis? Notice that almost any wiki you visit is void of extravagant, over the top graphics. Wikis are very basic, straight-forward sites with emphasis on the written content, not on the visuals. So, for "drive-through" readers, a wiki's content must immediately grab someone's attention. It has to be emotionally charged and controversial to keep a reader reading and then hopefully, move them on to being a contributor to the wiki. So, if wikis, must rely solely on the written content to grab and audience and keep them there, is there a downfall to wikis having the bare minimum when it comes to graphics and design? SueanneDolentz
The downfall is this: visually-minded people pass right over wikis on their way to a site with more a more aesthetically-pleasing layout. Of course, since wikis by nature do not cater to such people, it's doubtful that we can think of them as part of our audience. It's just as important to define what our audience is not.
AngelBatterman
Audience as a ball and chain?